Effects of Tank Colour on Body Colour Intensity and Growth of Yellow Gourami Trichopodus trichopterus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v1i4.87Keywords:
Ornamental Fish, Colour Enhancement, TankAbstract
Yellow gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus) is a species native to Southeast Asia and is famous as ornamental species. However, hobbyists and farmers encounter problems where its body colour easily becomes faded in captivity. Since colour enhancer pellets are expensive, an experiment was performed to determine whether tank colour can influence the body colour intensity and growth of T. trichopterus. Four different tank colours (white, yellow, blue and green) with five replicates were tested where fish were kept under natural lighting (outdoor) conditions for two months. The results demonstrated that fish reared in green coloured tank showed an increment in its colour intensity while fish reared in white tanks increased its body weight. It can be concluded that tank colour does affect the body colour intensity and weight of T. trichopterus. This study will help farmers and hobbyists to solve colour fading problem using a cheaper way.
References
Amiya, N., Amano, M., Takahashi, A., Yamanome, T., Kawauchi, H., & Yamamori, K. (2005). Effects of tank color on melanin-concentrating hormone levels in the brain, pituitary gland, and plasma of the barfin flounder as revealed by a newly developed time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 143(3), 251-256.
Archana, S., & Jain, A. (2017). Background adaptation in the Trichogaster trichopterus, blue gourami. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2017; 5(2): 112-117
Arends, R., Rotllant, J., Mancera, J., Bonga, S. W., & Flik, G. (2000). alpha-MSH acetylation in the pituitary gland of the sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in response to different backgrounds, confinement and air exposure. Journal of endocrinology, 166(2), 427-435.
Awasthi, M., Kashyap, A., & Serajuddin, M. (2014). Effect of plant meal as a carotenoid source on the development of pigmentation in Dwarf Gourami, Colisa lalia (Hamilton, 1822). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 84(4), 1031-1034.
Baensch, H.A. and R. Riehl. (1985). Aquarien atlas. Band 2. Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde GmbH, Melle, Germany. 1216 p.
Bagnara, J., & Hadley, M. E. (1973). Chromatophores and colour change. The Comparative Physiology of Animal Pigmentation.
Banan, A., Kalbassi, M., Bahmani, M., & Sadati, M. Y. (2011). Effects of colored light and tank color on growth indices and some physiological parameters of juvenile beluga (Huso huso). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27(2), 565-570.
Baron, M., Davies, S., Alexander, L., Snellgrove, D., & Sloman, K. A. (2008). The effect of dietary pigments on the coloration and behaviour of flame-red dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia. Animal Behaviour, 75(3), 1041-1051. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.08.014
Bayrami, A., Allaf Noverian, H., & Asadi Sharif, E. (2017). Effects of background colour on growth indices and stress of young sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) in a closed circulated system. Aquaculture Research, 48(5), 2004-2011.
Beeching, S. (1995). Colour pattern and inhibition of aggression in the cichlid fish Astronotus ocellatus. Journal of fish biology, 47(1), 50-58.
Biswas, A. K., Seoka, M., Takii, K., Maita, M., & Kumai, H. (2006). Stress response of red sea bream Pagrus major to acute handling and chronic photoperiod manipulation. Aquaculture, 252(2-4), 566-572.
Booth, M. A., Warner‐Smith, R. J., Allan, G. L., & Glencross, B. D. (2004). Effects of dietary astaxanthin source and light manipulation on the skin colour of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Aquaculture Research, 35(5), 458-464.
Collin, S. P., & Trezise, A. E. O. (2004). The origins of colour vision in vertebrates. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 87(4-5), 217-223. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05051.x
Collins, T. J. (2007). Introduction to ImageJ for light microscopy. Microscopy and microanalysis, 13(S02), 1674.
Cone, R. D. (2006). Studies on the physiological functions of the melanocortin system. Endocrine reviews, 27(7), 736-749.
Costa, D., Mattioli, C., Silva, W., Takata, R., Leme, F., Oliveira, A., & Luz, R. (2017). The effect of environmental colour on the growth, metabolism, physiology and skin pigmentation of the carnivorous freshwater catfish Lophiosilurus alexandri. Journal of fish biology, 90(3), 922-935.
Dijkstra, P. D., Maguire, S. M., Harris, R. M., Rodriguez, A. A., DeAngelis, R. S., Flores, S. A., & Hofmann, H. A. (2017). The melanocortin system regulates body pigmentation and social behaviour in a colour polymorphic cichlid fish. Paper presented at the Proc. R. Soc. B.
Doolan, B. J., Booth, M. A., Jones, P. L., & Allan, G. L. (2007). Effect of cage colour and light environment on the skin colour of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Aquaculture Research, 38(13), 1395-1403.
Doolan, B. J., Allan, G. L., Booth, M. A., & Jones, P. L. (2008). Effect of carotenoids and background colour on the skin pigmentation of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Aquaculture Research, 39(13), 1423-1433.
Ducrest, A.-L., Keller, L., & Roulin, A. (2008). Pleiotropy in the melanocortin system, coloration and behavioural syndromes. Trends in ecology & evolution, 23(9), 502-510.
El‐Sayed, A. F. M., & El‐Ghobashy, A. E. (2011). Effects of tank colour and feed colour on growth and feed utilization of thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) larvae. Aquaculture Research, 42(8), 1163-1169.
Eslamloo, K., Akhavan, S. R., Eslamifar, A., & Henry, M. A. (2015). Effects of background colour on growth performance, skin pigmentation, physiological condition and innate immune responses of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture Research, 46(1), 202-215. doi: 10.1111/are.12177
Evans, J., Bisazza, A., & Pilastro, A. (2004). Female mating preferences for colourful males in a population of guppies subject to high predation. Journal of fish biology, 65(4), 1154-1159.
Glover, T., & Mitchell, K., (2004). Introduction to Biostatistics. New York,NY: McGraw-Hill Education – Europe.
Guthrie, D. (1986). Role of vision in fish behaviour The behaviour of Teleost fishes (pp. 75-113): Springer.
Imanpoor, M. R., & Abdollahi, M. (2011). Effects of tank color on growth, stress response and skin color of juvenile Caspian kutum Rtilus frisii Kutum. Global Veterinaria, 6(2), 118-125.
Jentoft, S., ØXnevad, S., Aastveit, A. H., & Andersen, Ø. (2006). Effects of Tank Wall Color and Up‐welling Water Flow on Growth and Survival of Eurasian Perch Larvae (Perca fluviatilis). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 37(3), 313-317.
Joselevitch, C., & Kamermans, M. (2009). Retinal parallel pathways: seeing with our inner fish. Vision research, 49(9), 943-959.
Karakatsouli, N., Papoutsoglou, S. E., & Manolessos, G. (2007). Combined effects of rearing density and tank colour on the growth and welfare of juvenile white sea bream Diplodus sargus L. in a recirculating water system. Aquaculture Research, 38(11), 1152-1160.
Karakatsouli, N., Kassianos, N., & Papoutsoglou, S. E. (2015). Effects of rearing density and tank colour on juvenile sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) growth performance. Aquaculture international, 23(4), 943-953.
Kleinholz, L., & Knowles, F. (1938). Studies in the pigmentary system of Crustacea: III. Light-intensity and the position of the distal retinal pigment in Leander adspersus. The Biological Bulletin, 75(2), 266-273.
Laerd. (2017). Statistics Laerd. Available at :https://statistics.laerd.com.
Leclercq, E., Taylor, J. F., & Migaud, H. (2010). Morphological skin colour changes in teleosts. Fish and fisheries, 11(2), 159-193.
Luchiari, A., & Pirhonen, J. (2008). Effects of ambient colour on colour preference and growth of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of fish biology, 72(6), 1504-1514.
Mandal, S. C., Sahu, N. P., Kohli, M. P. S., Das, P., Gupta, S. K., & Munilkumar, S. (2010). Replacement of live feed by formulated feed: effect on the growth and spawning performance of Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens, Regan, 1910). Aquaculture Research, 41(11), 1707-1716.
Martinez-Cardenas, L., & Purser, G. J. (2007). Effect of tank colour on Artemia ingestion, growth and survival in cultured early juvenile pot-bellied seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis). Aquaculture, 264(1), 92-100.
Masazumi, S. (1993). Morphological color changes in the medaka, Oryzias latipes, after prolonged background adaptation—I. Changes in the population and morphology of melanophores. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 104(3), 513-518.
McGraw, K., Hill, G., Stradi, R., & Parker, R. (2002). The effect of dietary carotenoid access on sexual dichromatism and plumage pigment composition in the American goldfinch. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 131(2), 261-269.
McLean, E., Cotter, P., Thain, C., & King, N. (2008). Tank color impacts performance of cultured fish. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 66(2), 43-54.
Mizusawa, K., Kobayashi, Y., Yamanome, T., Saito, Y., & Takahashi, A. (2013). Interrelation between melanocyte-stimulating hormone and melanin-concentrating hormone in physiological body color change: Roles emerging from barfin flounder Verasper moseri. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 181, 229-234. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.09.026
Norazmi-Lokman, N. H., Purser, G., & Patil, J. G. (2016). Gravid spot predicts developmental progress and reproductive output in a livebearing fish, Gambusia holbrooki. Public Library of Science One, 11(1), e0147711.
Oshima, N. (2001). Direct reception of light by chromatophores of lower vertebrates. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, 14(5), 312-319.
Papoutsoglou, S., Mylonakis, G., Miliou, H., Karakatsouli, N., & Chadio, S. (2000). Effects of background color on growth performances and physiological responses of scaled carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) reared in a closed circulated system. Aquacultural Engineering, 22(4), 309-318.
Papoutsoglou, S. E., Karakatsouli, N., & Chiras, G. (2005). Dietary L-tryptophan and tank colour effects on growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles reared in a recirculating water system. Aquacultural Engineering, 32(2), 277-284.
Paripatananont, T., Tangtrongpairoj, J., Sailasuta, A., & Chansue, N. (1999). Effect of astaxanthin on the pigmentation of goldfish Carassius auratus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 30(4), 454-460.
Roubos, E. W., Van Wijk, D. C., Kozicz, T., Scheenen, W. J., & Jenks, B. G. (2010). Plasticity of melanotrope cell regulations in Xenopus laevis. European Journal of Neuroscience, 32(12), 2082-2086.
Ruchin, A. (2004). Influence of colored light on growth rate of juveniles of fish. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 30(2), 175-178.
Sabbah, S., Laria, R. L., Gray, S. M., & Hawryshyn, C. W. (2010). Functional diversity in the color vision of cichlid fishes. BioMed Central biology, 8(1), 133.
Saha, S., Behera, S., Bhakta, D., Mandal, A., Kumar, S., & Mondal, A. (2017). Breeding and embryonic development of an indigenous ornamental fish Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822) in captive condition. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(3): 111-115.
Saszik, S., & Bilotta, J. (2001). Constant dark-rearing effects on visual adaptation of the zebrafish ERG. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 19(7), 611-619.
Stefansson, S., & Hansen, T. (1989). Effects of tank colour on growth and smoltification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture, 81(3-4), 379-386.
Strand, Å., Alanärä, A., Staffan, F., & Magnhagen, C. (2007). Effects of tank colour and light intensity on feed intake, growth rate and energy expenditure of juvenile Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L. Aquaculture, 272(1), 312-318.
Sugimoto, M. (2002). Morphological color changes in fish: Regulation of pigment cell density and morphology. Microscopy Research and Technique, 58(6), 496-503. doi: 10.1002/jemt.10168.
Theis, A., Salzburger, W., & Egger, B. (2012). The function of anal fin egg-spots in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Public Library of Science one, 7(1), e29878
Van der Salm, A., Martinez, M., Flik, G., & Bonga, S. W. (2004). Effects of husbandry conditions on the skin colour and stress response of red porgy, Pagrus pagrus. Aquaculture, 241(1), 371-386.
Van der Salm, A., Spanings, F., Gresnigt, R., Bonga, S. W., & Flik, G. (2005). Background adaptation and water acidification affect pigmentation and stress physiology of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 144(1), 51-59
Yasir, I., & Qin, J. G. (2009). Impact of background on color performance of false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, Cuvier. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 40(6), 724-734.
