ANALISIS KETIDAKSAMAAN JANTINA DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI MALAYSIA
Keywords:
Ketidaksamaan jantina, pertumbuhan ekonomi, pendidikan, penyertaan tenaga buruh wanita, kestabilan ekonomi.Abstract
Kajian ini meneliti kesan jangka panjang dan jangka pendek ketidaksamaan jantina terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Malaysia bagi tempoh 1990 hingga 2023. Walaupun akses pendidikan wanita semakin baik, penyertaan tenaga buruh wanita masih jauh lebih rendah berbanding lelaki, dan jurang pendapatan kekal ketara, sekali gus menimbulkan implikasi terhadap pembangunan ekonomi negara. Dalam kajian ini, Indeks Ketidaksamaan Jantina (GII) dibentuk sebagai suatu indeks komposit yang berasaskan kadar enrolmen pendidikan wanita serta kadar penyertaan dalam pasaran buruh. Model Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) digunakan bagi menilai hubungan antara GII dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi, berserta dengan pemboleh ubah kawalan seperti pelaburan langsung asing (FDI), keterbukaan perdagangan, kadar pertukaran efektif sebenar (REER), inflasi (INF), dan pembentukan modal kasar (GCF). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa GII memberikan kesan negatif yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam jangka panjang. Bagi jangka panjang, GCF, keterbukaan perdagangan, dan inflasi menunjukkan kesan positif yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan, manakala REER memberikan kesan negatif. Dalam jangka pendek, hanya REER dan inflasi menunjukkan kesan yang signifikan. Nilai pekali pembetulan ralat (ECT) yang negatif dan signifikan mengesahkan wujudnya keseimbangan jangka panjang dalam model. Berdasarkan penemuan ini, kajian mencadangkan agar dasar awam memberi tumpuan kepada pengurangan jurang penyertaan tenaga buruh antara lelaki dengan wanita melalui peningkatan akses kepada peluang pekerjaan, penguatkuasaan gaji setara, dan sokongan institusi terhadap penglibatan ekonomi wanita di Malaysia.
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