HOST SPECIFICITY, INFECTION DYNAMICS, AND ALLERGENICITY IN Anisakis SPP. INFESTATION: A REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v6i2.459Keywords:
Anisakis, fish, allergen, infection dynamics, host specificityAbstract
Fish and seafood are important in providing protein to human diets. However, they are susceptible to contamination by various parasites, such as nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. Among these, Anisakis spp. and other species of trematodes belonging to the Anisakidae family are commonly identified in fish and shellfish, posing a significant health risk. This contamination poses a substantial risk to public health, particularly with the increasing prevalence of these parasites in marine fish. The globalisation of cuisines, including sushi, is one of the factors causing this development. The risk of Anisakis contamination has increased due to the global popularity of sushi, a form of Japanese food that features raw or undercooked fish. Gastric anisakiasis is the primary infection in humans, caused by the penetration of L3 larvae into the gastric wall. However, the indefinite symptoms associated with anisakiasis make precise identification challenging, complicating efforts to effectively treat this health issue. This study reviewed the host specificity, risk factors, infection mechanisms, and infestation areas of Anisakis spp. Various reputable sources, including Google Scholar, PubMed Central, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, and the Wiley Online Library, were used to explore the diverse host preferences and the impact of environmental changes. The larvae of Anisakis spp. exhibit diverse host preferences and environmental changes like global warming make hosts more vulnerable. Inadvertent exposure to these parasites occurs when individuals consume raw or undercooked fish and seafood. An extremely serious threat is posed by allergic anisakiasis, characterised by severe symptoms such as respiratory arrest, shock, and collapse. Research focusing on bioactive substances capable of blocking or neutralising the excretions and secretions of Anisakis sp. should be encouraged. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and serine proteases, in particular, show promise for minimising adverse effects and reducing dependency on medication in treating allergic anisakiasis. Further research and intervention techniques are essential if health issues associated with Anisakis exist.
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