A REVIEW OF ANISAKIS SPP. AND ITS VARIOUS ALLERGENS’ PROFILING AND CHARACTERISATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v5i3.397Keywords:
Anisakis spp., Allergens, Anisakiasis, Parasites, FishAbstract
This review article focuses on the identification and characterisation of the allergens present in Anisakis spp., parasitic worms found in coastal fish that can cause anisakiasis in humans who consume raw or contaminated seafood. The study aims to fill a gap in the research by profiling and analysing the allergens present in Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii and the hybrid haplotype. To conduct the analysis of Anisakis spp. and its various allergens, a comprehensive bibliographical search was conducted using online sources such as Google Scholar, PubMed Central, ScienceDirect, Springer Link and Wiley Online Library. These sources provided diverse articles, research papers and other relevant literature on the subject. The findings of this analysis were based on an extensive review of the sources and provided insights into the allergenicity of Anisakis spp. and the various allergens that it contains. According to the study, the most important allergens are Anis 1, Anis 7, and Anis 12. In contrast, Anis 4, Anis 5, Anis 6, Anis 8, Anis 9, Anis 10, and Anis 11 are minor allergens present in the somatic and excretory/secretory (ES) components of third-stage Anisakis larvae. Anis 1 and Anis 4 are the main causes of anaphylaxis associated with anisakiasis because they both need heat to cause allergic reactions. Anis 1 (24 kDa), Anis 5 (15 kDa), Anis 7 (139 kDa), and Anis 9 (14 kDa) are frequently targeted by antibodies in people with anisakiasis. Some of these allergens, including Anis 1, Anis 5, and Anis 9, are heat-stable, which is a concern because they can linger even after cooking contaminated seafood. These allergies include Anis 4, Anis 8, Anis 11, and Anis 10, as well as Anis 1, Anis 5, and Anis 9. Immunoassays frequently employ the pan allergens Anis 2 (paramyosin) and Anis 3 (tropomyosin), although these assays have a low sensitivity, which limits their diagnostic relevance. The most prominent excretory/secretory (ES) allergen nowadays is Anis 7, the only one that all patients with A. simplex infection recognise. The characterisation and profiling of Anisakis spp. allergens have yet to be fully explored in the literature, making this review a unique contribution to the field of allergy research.
References
Aibinu, I. (2018). Proteomic analysis and molecular characterization of Anisakis pegreffii allergenic and immunogenic proteins [Doctoral’s Thesis, RMIT University].
Aibinu, I. E., Smooker, P. M., & Lopata, A. L. (2019). Anisakis Nematodes in fish and shellfish- from infection to allergies. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 9, 384–393.
Amir, A., Ngui, R., Ismail, W. H., Wong, K. T., Ong, J. S., Lim, Y. A., Lau, Y. L., & Mahmud, R. (2016). Anisakiasis causing acute dysentery in Malaysia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95,410–412.
Anadón, A. M., Romarís, F., Escalante, M., Rodríguez, E., Gárate, T., Cuéllar, C., & Ubeira, F. M. (2009). The Anisakis simplex anis 7 major allergens as an indicator of true Anisakis infections. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 156, 471–478.
Ángeles-Hernández, J. C., Gómez-de Anda, F. R., Reyes-Rodríguez, N. E., Vega-Sánchez, V., García-Reyna, P. B., Campos-Montiel, R. G., Calderón-Apodaca, N.L., Salgado- Miranda, C., & Zepeda-Velázquez, A.P. (2020). Genera and species of the anisakidae family and their geographical distribution. Animals (Basels), 10(12), 2374.
Arizono, N., Yamada, M., Tegoshi, T., & Yoshikawa, M. (2012). Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii: Biological characteristics and pathogenetic potential in human Anisakiasis. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 9, 517–521.
Audicana, M. T., Fernández, C. L., Muñoz, D., Fernández, E., Navarro, J. A., & Del Pozo, M. D. (1995). Recurrent anaphylaxis caused by Anisakis simplex parasitizing fish. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 96, 558–560.
Audicana, M. T., & Kennedy, M. W. (2008). Anisakis simplex: From obscure infectious worm to inducer of immune hypersensitivity. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 21, 360–379.
Baird, F. J., Su, X., Aibinu I., Nolan M. J., Sugiyama H., Otranto D., Lopata A. L., & Cantacessi C. (2016). The Anisakis transcriptome provides a resource for fundamental and applied studies on allergy-causing parasites. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10, e0004845.
Bao, M., Pierce, G. J., Pascual, S., González- Muñoz, M., Mattiucci, S., Mladineo, I., Cipriani, P., Bušelić, I., & Strachan, N. J. C. (2017). Assessing the risk of an emerging zoonosis of worldwide concern: Anisakiasis. Scientific Reports, 7, 43699.
Bao, M., Pierce, G. J., Strachan, N. J. C., Pascual, S., González-Muñoz, M., & Levsen, A. (2019). Human health, legislative and socioeconomic issues caused by the fish-borne zoonotic parasite Anisakis: Challenges in risk assessment. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 86, 298–310.
Bilska-Zając, E., Różycki, M., Chmurzyńska, E., Karamon, J., Sroka, J., Kochanowski, M., Kusyk, P., & Cencek, T. (2015). Parasites of Anisakidae family-Geographical distribution and threat to human health. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 5(2), 146–152.
Caballero, M. L., & Moneo. I. (2004). Several allergens from Anisakis simplex are highly resistant to heat and pepsin treatments. Parasitology Research, 93, 248-251.
Caballero, M. L., Moneo, I., Gómez-Aguado, G., & Maria-Teresa, C. (2008). Isolation of Anis 5, an excretory-secretory and highly heat-resistant allergen useful for the diagnosis of Anisakis larvae sensitization. Parasitology Research, 103(5), 1231-3.
Caballero, M. L., Umpierrez, A., Moneo, I., & Rodriguez-Perez, R. (2011). Anis 10, a new Anisakis simplex allergen: Cloning and heterologous expression. Parasitology International, 60, 209–212.
Caraballo, L., & Coronado, S. (2018). Parasite allergens. Molecular Immunology, 100, 113-119.
Carballeda-Sangiao, N., Rodríguez-Mahillo, A. I., Careche, M., Navas, A., Caballero, T., Dominguez-Ortega, J., Jurado-Palomo, J., González-Muñoz, M. (2016). Anis 11-Like protein is a pepsin- and heat-resistant major allergen of Anisakis spp. and a valuable tool for Anisakis allergy component-resolved diagnosis. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 169(2), 108-12.
Carballeda-Sangiao, N., Rodríguez-Mahillo, A. I., Careche, M., Nava, S. A., Moneo, I., & González-Muñoz, M. (2016). Changes over time in IgE sensitization to allergens of the fish parasite Anisakis spp. PLoS Negletted Tropical Disease, 10, e0004864.
Castellanos, J. A., Tangua, A. R., & Salazar, L. (2017). Anisakidae nematodes isolated from the flathead grey mulletfish (Mugilcephalus) of Buenaventura, Colombia. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 6, 265–270.
Cavallero, S., Magnabosco, C., Civettini, M., Boffo, L., Mingarelli, G., Buratti, P., Giovanardi, O., Fortuna, C. M., & Arcangeli, G. (2015). Survey of Anisakis sp. and Hysterothylacium sp. in sardines and anchovies from the North Adriatic Sea. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 200, 18–21.
Colchester, A. C., & Colchester, N. T. (2005). The origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: The human prion disease hypothesis. Lancet, 366, 856-861.
D’Amelio, S., Lombardo, F., Pizzarelli, A., Bellini, I., & Cavallero, S. (2020). Advances in omic studies drive discoveries in the biology of Anisakid nematodes. Genes, 11, 801.
Fæste, C. K., Jonscher, K. R., Dooper, M. M. W. B., Egge-Jacobsen, W., Moen, A., Daschner, A., Egaas, E., & Christians, U. (2014). Characterisation of potential novel allergens in the fish parasite Anisakis simplex. European Proteomics Association (EuPA) Open Proteomics, 4, 140–155.
Fæste, C. K., Levsen, A., Lin, A. H., Larsen, N., Plassen, C., Moen, A., Van Do, T., & Egaas, E. (2015). Fish feed as source of potentially allergenic peptides from the fish parasite Anisakis simplex (s.l.). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 202, 52-61.
Ferrantelli, V., Costa, A., Graci, S., Buscemi, M. D., Giangrosso, G., Porcarello, C., Palumbo, S., & Cammilleri, G. (2015). Anisakid nematodes as possible markers to trace fish products. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 4, 4090.
Fitzsimmons, C. M., Falcone, F. H., & Dunne, D. W. (2014). Helminth allergens, parasite specific IgE, and its protective role in human immunity. Frontiers in Immunology, 5, 61.
González-Fernández, J., Rivas, L., Luque- Ortega, J. R., Núñez-Ramírez, R., Campioli, P., Gárate, T., Perteguer, M. J., Daschner, A., & Cuéllar, C. (2017). Recombinant vs native Anisakis haemoglobin (Anis 13): Its appraisal as a new gold standard for the diagnosis of allergy. Experimental Parasitology, 181, 119–129.
Hochberg, N. S., & Hamer, H. D. (2010). Anisakidosis: Perils of the deep. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 51, 806–812.
Kobayashi, Y., Ishizaki, S., Nagashima, Y., & Shiomi, K. (2008). Anis 1, the major allergen of Anisakis simplex: Purification by affinity chromatography and functional expression in Escherichia coli. Parasitology International, 57, 314–319.
Kobayashi, Y., Ishizaki, S., Shimakura, K., Nagashima, Y., & Shiomi, K. (2007). Molecular cloning and expression of two new allergens from Anisakis simplex. Journal of Parasitology Research, 100, 1233–1241.
Kobayashi, Y., Kakemoto, S., Shimakura, K., & Shiomi, K. (2015). Molecular cloning and expression of a new major allergen, Anis 14, from Anisakis simplex. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi), 56, 194–199.
Kobayashi, Y., Ohsaki, K., Ikeda, K., Kakemoto, S., Ishizaki, S., Shimakura, K., Nagashima, Y., & Shiomi, K. (2011). Identification of novel three allergens from Anisakis simplex by chemiluminescent immunoscreening of an expression cDNA library. Parasitology International, 60, 144–150.
Laffon–Leal, S. M., Vidal–Martínez, V. M., & Arjona–Torres, G. (2000). ‘Cebiche’– A potential source of human anisakiasis in Mexico? Journal of Helminthology, 74, 151–154.
Lee, E. J., Kim, Y. C., Jeong, H. G., & Lee, O. J. (2009). The mucosal changes and influencing factors in upper gastrointestinal anisakiasis: Analysis of 141 cases. The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology, 53(2), 90-97.
Lim, H., Jung, B.-K., Cho, J., Yooyen, T., Shin, E.-H., & Chai, J.-Y. (2015). Molecular diagnosis of cause of Anisakiasis in Humans, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21, 342–344.
Mari, A., Rasi, C., Palazzo, P., & Scala, E. (2009). Allergen databases: Current status and perspectives. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 9, 376–383.
Mattiucci, S., & Nascetti, G. (2006). Molecular systematics, phylogeny and ecology of anisakid nematodes of the genus Anisakis Dujardin, 1845: An update. Parasite, 13, 99–113.
Mattiucci, S., Paoletti, M., Borrini, F., Palumbo, M., Palmieri, M. R., Gomes, V., Casati, A., Nascetti, G. (2011). First molecular identification of the zoonotic parasite Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in a paraffin–embedded granuloma taken from a case of human intestinal anisakiasis in Italy. BMC Infectious Diseases, 11, 82.
Mazzucco, W., Raia, D. D., Marotta, C., Costa, A., Ferrantelli, V., Vitale, F., & Casuccio, A. (2018). Anisakis sensitization in different population groups and public health impact: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 13, e0203671.
McConnaughey, M. (2007). Life Cycle of Parasites. In xPharm: The comprehensive pharmacology reference (pp. 1-15).
McConnaughey, M. (2014). Life Cycle of Parasites. In Reference module in biomedical sciences. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.05115-1
Mehrdana, F., & Buchmann, K. (2017). Excretory/secretory products of anisakid nematodes: Biological and pathological roles. Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, 59, 42.
Menéndez, P., Pardo, R., Delgado, M., & León, C. (2005). Mesenteric tumor due to chronic Anisakiasis. Revista Espanola De Enfermedades Digestivas, 107, 570–572.
Mizumura, N., Okumura, S., Tsuchihashi, H., Ogawa, M., & Kawasaki, M. A. (2018). Second attack of Anisakis: Intestinal Anisakiasis following gastric Anisakiasis. ACG Case Reports Journal, 5, e65.
Moneo, I., Caballero, M. L., Gómez, F., Ortega, E., & Alonso, M. J. (2000). Isolation and characterization of a major allergen from the fish parasite Anisakis simplex. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 106, 177–182.
Moneo, I., Caballero, M. L., González- Muñoz, M., Rodríguez-Mahillo, Rodríguez- Perez, R., & Silva, A. (2005). Isolation of a heat-resistant allergen from the fish parasite Anisakis simplex. Parasitology Research, 96, 285-289.
Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., & Lopata, A. L. (2013). Anisakis – A food-borne parasite that triggers allergic host defences. International Journal for Parasitology, 43, 1047–1057.
Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., & Lopata, A. L. (2014). Allergic reactions to anisakis found in fish. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 14, 455.
Polimeno, L., Lisanti, M. T., Rossini, M., Giacovazzo, E., Polimeno, Lucrezia, Debellis, L., Ballini, A., Topi, S., & Santacroce, L. (2021). Anisakis allergy: Is aquacultured fish a safe and alternative food to wild-capture fisheries for Anisakis simplex-sensitized patients? Biology (Basel), 10(2), 106.
Quiazon, K. M. A., Zenke, K., & Yoshinaga, T. (2013). Molecular characterization and comparison of four Anisakis allergens between Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii from Japan. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 190, 23–26.
Rahmati, A.R., Kiani, B., Afshari, A., Moghaddas, E., Williams, M., & Shamsi, S. (2020). World-wide prevalence of Anisakis larvae in fish and its relationship to human allergic Anisakiasis: A systematic review. Parasitology Research, 119, 3585– 3594.
Rezapour, M., Agarwal, N. (2017). You are what you eat: A case of nematode-induced Eosinophilic Esophagitis. ACG Case Reports Journal, 4, e13.
Rodríguez, E., Anadón, A. M., García-Bodas, E., Romarís, F., Iglesias, R., Gárate, T., Ubeira, F. M. (2008). Novel sequences and epitopes of diagnostic value derived from the Anisakis simplex Anis 7 major allergen*: Epitopes of the Anis 7 allergen. Allergy, 63, 219–225.
Rodríguez-Mahillo, A. I., González-Muñoz, M., de las Heras, C., Tejada, M., & Moneo, I. (2010). Quantification of Anisakis simplex allergens in fresh long-term frozen and cooked fish muscle. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 7, 967-973.
Rodriguez-Mahillo, A.I., Gonzalez-Muñoz, M., Gomez-Aguado, F., Rodriguez-Perez, R., Corcuera, M. T., Caballero, M. L., & Moneo, I. (2007). Cloning and characterisation of the Anisakis simplex allergen Anis 4 as a cysteine-protease inhibitor. International Journal for Parasitology, 37, 907–917.
Shih, H.-H., Ku, C.-C., & Wang, C.-S. (2010). Anisakis simplex (Nematoda: Anisakidae) third-stage larval infections of marine cage cultured cobia, Rachycentron canadum L., in Taiwan. Veterinary Parasitology, 171, 277–285.
Shimamura, Y., Muwanwella, N., Chandran, S., Kandel, G., & Marcon. N. (2016). Common symptoms from an uncommon infection: Gastrointestinal Anisakiasis. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2016, 5176502.
Takabayashi, T., Mochizuki, T., Otani, N., Nishiyama, K., & Ishimatsu, S. (2014). Anisakiasis presenting to the ED: Clinical manifestations, time course, hematologic tests, computed tomographic findings, and treatment. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 32(12), 1485–1489.
Tang, S. (2021). Effects of Anisakis allergenic proteins on fish-borne food safety risks. Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy (MCDA), 8(4), 833-842.
Tritten, L., Tam, M., Vargas, M., Jardim, A., Stevenson, M. M., Keiser, J., & Geary, T. G. (2017). Excretory/secretory products from the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris. Experimental Parasitology, 178, 30- 36.
Ubeira, F. M. (2014). Travelling with Anisakis Allergens. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 163, 243–244.
Ventura, M. T., Tummolo, R. A., Di Leo, E., D’Ersasmo, M., & Arsieni, A. (2008). Immediate and cell-mediated reactions in parasitic infections by Anisakis simplex. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 18, 253–259.
Vidaček, S., de las Heras, C., Solas, M. T., García, M. L., Mendizábal, A., & Tejada, M. (2011). Viability and antigenicity of Anisakis simplex after conventional and microwave heating at fixed temperatures. Journal of Food Protection, 74, 2119-2126.
Vidaček, S., de las Heras, C., Solas, M. T., Mendizabal, A., Rodriguez Mahillo, A. I., González Muñoz, M., & Tejada, M. (2009). Anisakis simplex allergens remain active after conventional or microwave heating and pepsin treatments of chilled and frozen L3 larvae. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89, 1997-2002.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
