OPTIMISING THE POST-CONSUMER PLASTIC CLOSED-LOOP ECONOMY APPROACH FOR EMERGING NATIONS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Keywords:
Plastic waste, circular economy, recycling, developing countries, sustainability, systematic literature reviewAbstract
A systematic review of the literature on the application of circular economy approaches for plastic waste management in developing nations was conducted. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodological guidelines and Scopus, articles between 2006 and 2025 have been screened, appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and thematically analysed. Out of 10,792 articles, 13 articles of high quality passed the inclusion criteria set by the researchers. This study found four major themes, which are: closed loop economy practices, regulation and policy intervention, public involvement and awareness, and technological innovations. This paper finds that mechanical recycling, source separation, reuse, upcycling, and informal sector collections of plastics are the most used circular economy approaches. The review further highlights that community education, behaviour modification, and stakeholder collaboration are necessary in improving waste segregation and involvement in the recycling process. Nevertheless, implementation is hampered by factors including weak institutional setup, lack of adequate infrastructure, insufficient funding, market exclusion, and low level of awareness among the people. Waste-to-energy approach, plastic waste to construction material, and digital waste management are some of the new emerging practices highlighted in the review as possible alternatives but yet limited in scope. All in all, the findings of this review indicate that the move towards circular plastic waste management in developing nations will have to involve an integrated system which incorporates governance, policies, technology and people.
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